Activism

Many of our America at a Crossroads audience members have repeatedly asked what they can actually DO to help protect our democracy. We have researched and vetted a number of non-partisan, non-profit organizations that are immersed in issues aligned with JUDJ’s mission. Voting rights, voter suppression and other pro-democracy ideals lie at the heart of the organizations we have included below. In many cases, these organizations have volunteer opportunities, including internships and special opportunities for high school and college students. We encourage you to connect with and support these organizations and actively engaged in protecting our American democracy.

866OurVote is a national non-partisan election protection coalition working year round to ensure that voters have an equal opportunity to vote and have that vote count. We provide Americans from coast to coast with comprehensive information and assistance at all stages of voting – from registration to absentee and early voting, to casting a vote at the polls, to overcoming obstacles to their participation. Our volunteers provide voter information, document problems they encounter when voting and work with partners and volunteers on the ground to identify and remove barriers to voting.

Learn more about 866OurVote volunteer opportunities.

ALL IN Campus Democracy Challenge’s mission is to foster civic culture and institutionalize democratic engagement activities and programs at colleges and universities, making them a defining feature of campus life. By recognizing colleges and universities for their commitment to increasing student voting rates, through its national awards program, ALL IN encourages higher education institutions to help students form the habits of active and informed citizenship, make democratic participation a core value on their campus, and cultivate generations of engaged citizens who are essential to a healthy democracy.

Learn more about registering your campus.

Anti-Defamation League is a leading anti-hate organization. Founded in 1913 in response to an escalating climate of anti-Semitism and bigotry, its timeless mission is to protect the Jewish people and to secure justice and fair treatment for all. Today, ADL continues to fight all forms of hate with the same vigor and passion. ADL is a global leader in exposing extremism and delivering anti-bias education, and is a leading organization in training law enforcement. ADL is the first call when acts of anti-Semitism occur. ADL’s ultimate goal is a world in which no group or individual suffers from bias, discrimination or hate.

Learn more about ADL and volunteer opportunities.

The Brennan Center for Justice at NYU School of Law is a nonpartisan law and policy institute that seeks to improve our systems of democracy and justice. We work to hold our political institutions and laws accountable to the twin American ideals of democracy and equal justice for all. The Center’s work ranges from voting rights to campaign finance reform, from ending mass incarceration to preserving Constitutional protection in the fight against terrorism.

Learn more about the Brennan Center for Justice. 

The California Center for Civic Participation is a non-partisan, non-profit civic education organization, engaging high school students by sparking their interest with exposure to real excitement of the democratic process. We believe that youth hold so much untapped and unlimited power to change their communities and their world and we exist to expose and nurture that power.

Learn more about the California Center for Civic Participation and volunteer opportunities. 

The Center’s mission is to promote an enlightened and responsible citizenry committed to democratic principles and actively engaged in the practice of democracy. The Center has reached more than 30 million students and their teachers since 1965.

The Center for Civic Education helps students develop (1) an increased understanding of the institutions of constitutional democracy and the fundamental principles and values upon which they are founded, (2) the skills necessary to participate as competent and responsible citizens, and (3) the willingness to use democratic procedures for making decisions and managing conflict.

Learn more about the Center for Civic Education.

The Center for Common Ground empowers under-represented voters through non-partisan voter registration and Get Out the Vote. It provide voter information through door knock canvassing, texting, phone-banking. It also provide free rides to the polls on Election Day.

Learn more about the Center for Common Ground and volunteer opportunities.

Center for Election Innovation & Research engages in cutting-edge work to build voter trust, increase voter participation, and improve the efficiency of election administration. Their work helps elections officials maintain accurate and complete voter lists and secure election technology infrastructure.

Learn more about Center for Election Innovation & Research.

Common Cause is a nonpartisan, grassroots organization dedicated to upholding the core values of American democracy. We work to ensure open, honest, and accountable government; to promote equal rights, opportunity, and representation for all; and to empower all people to make their voices heard as equals in the political process. Common cause works across four major issue areas: voting and elections; money and politics; ethics, transparency and government accountability; and media and democracy.

Learn more about Common Cause and the Common Cause Education Fund

Democracy North Carolina is a nonpartisan organization that uses research, organizing, and advocacy to strengthen democratic structures, build power among disenfranchised communities, and inspire confidence in a transformed political process that works for all.

Learn more about Democracy NC and volunteer opportunities. 

ElectionDay.Org engages businesses to provide resources and tools to promote voting within their organizations including information on how to register, voting methods, and relevant deadlines. 

Learn more about ElectionDay.Org.

Equal Justice Works creates opportunities for lawyers to transform their passion for equal justice into a lifelong commitment to public service. Equal Justice Works is a 501(c) (3) nonprofit organization and is the nation’s largest facilitator of opportunities in public interest law. Equal Justice Works brings together an extensive network of law students, lawyers, legal services organizations, and supporters to promote a lifelong commitment to public service and equal justice. The organization believes that a community of lawyers committed to public service can fulfill our nation’s promise of equal justice for all. Following their Fellowships, more than 85% of Equal Justice Works Fellows remain in public service positions, continuing to pursue equal justice for underserved communities.

Learn more about Equal Justice Works and available volunteer opportunities.

The Election Official Legal Defense Network (EOLDN) is a project of the nonpartisan, nonprofit Center for Election Innovation & Research. EOLDN connects licensed, qualified, pro bono attorneys with election administrators who need advice or assistance. Election workers from all over the country, at the state and local level, can contact EOLDN via this website or by phone (1-877-313-5210) at any time, to request to be connected to a lawyer who can help them, at no cost. This service is available regardless of the election official’s political affiliation, or whether they work in a blue or red state or county.

Learn more about Election Official Legal Defense Network and available volunteer opportunities. 

FairVote is a nonpartisan organization seeking better elections for all. They research and advance voting reforms that make democracy more functional and representative for every American. FairVote has a proven record since 1992 as a nonpartisan trailblazer that advances and wins electoral reforms at the local, state and national level through strategic research, communications and collaboration. Today, we are the driving force behind advancing ranked choice voting and fair representation in multi-winner legislative districts that will open up our elections to better choices, fairer representation and more civil campaigns.

Learn more about FairVote and volunteer opportunities.

HeadCount is a non-partisan organization that uses the power of music to register voters and promote participation in democracy. HeadCount uses a grassroots approach to reach young people and music fans at concerts and online to inform and empower. Like music and democracy? Come work (or volunteer) with us!

Learn about how to be involved at a concert or event near you.

Indivisible is committed to providing civic education, policy resources, strategic guidance, and targeted trainings for groups across the country. It educates and empowers civic leaders at the community level across the country. 

Learn more about Indivisible and volunteer opportunities available in several states.

Leaders We Deserve is a grassroots organization dedicated to electing young progressives to Congress and State Legislatures across the country to help defeat the far-right agenda and advance a progressive vision for the future.

Learn more about Leaders We Deserve.

The League of Women Voters of the United States encourages informed and active participation in government, works to increase understanding of major public policy issues, and influences public policy through education and advocacy.

Learn more about League of Women Voters.

The Lincoln Project is a leading pro-democracy organization in the United States — dedicated to the preservation, protection, and defense of democracy. The Lincoln Project launched with two stated objectives. The first was to defeat Donald Trump at the ballot box. The second was to ensure Trumpism failed alongside him. As we have seen, our fight against Trumpism is only beginning. We must combat these forces everywhere and at all times. Our democracy depends on it.

Learn more about The Lincoln Project and available volunteer opportunities. 

People For the American Way Foundation conducts research, legal, and education work on behalf of First Amendment freedoms and democratic values; monitors, exposes, and challenges the Religious Right movement and its political allies; identifies, trains, and supports the next generation of progressive leaders through its Young People For youth leadership programs and its Young Elected Officials Network; and carries out nonpartisan voter education, registration, civic participation, and election protection activities.

Learn more about People for the American Way. 

Project Vote is a national, nonpartisan, nonprofit organization founded on the belief that an organized, diverse electorate is the key to a better America. Project Vote’s mission is to build an electorate that accurately represents the diversity of this nation’s citizenry, and to ensure that every eligible citizen can register, vote, and cast a ballot that counts.

Learn more about Project Vote. 

Project Vote Smart offers services and programs for political journalists to enhance their coverage of politics and elections. The Project partners with more than 300 national, state, and local news organizations, all endorsing Project programs. In addition to comprehensive databases on more than 40,000 candidates and incumbents, the Project provides journalists with special research services and publications. We devote considerable effort to researching information about all candidates for presidential, congressional, gubernatorial and state legislative office and elected officials. Voters thus have access to unbiased information on candidates as well as those serving in elected positions.

Learn more about Project Vote Smart and available volunteer opportunities. 

The Public Citizen Foundation supports Public Citizen’s education, litigation, research, and public information activities. Public Citizen is a national consumer advocacy organization founded in 1971 to represent consumer interests in Congress, the executive branch and the courts. Public Citizen fights for openness and democratic accountability in government, for the right of consumers to seek redress in the courts; for clean, safe and sustainable energy sources; for social and economic justice in trade policies; for strong health, safety and environmental protections; and for safe, effective and affordable prescription drugs and health care.

Learn more about Public Citizen and available opportunities. 

Rideshare2Vote was created to increase the voice and power of people by expanding their civic engagement and voting rights. We have created a voter touch outreach field program that includes our transportation service specifically for Democratic and progressive voters. Rideshare2Vote focuses our work in disenfranchised communities; voting for the first time; who are not voting in every election; that are disabled; living in poverty and who are elderly.

Learn more about Rideshare2Vote and available volunteer opportunities. 

Fusing pop culture, politics, and technology, Rock the Vote works to mobilize the millennial voting bloc and the youth vote, protect voting rights, and advocate for an electoral process and voting system that works for the 21st century electorate. For almost 25 years, Rock the Vote has pioneered ways to make voting easier by simplifying and demystifying voter registration and elections for young adults.

Learn more about Rock the Vote and available volunteer opportunities. 

The Andrew Goodman Foundation makes young voices and votes a powerful force in democracy. Our ability to spark their passion — today — will result in change, tomorrow. The Andrew Goodman Foundation supports youth leadership development, voting accessibility, and social justice initiatives on campuses across the country with mini-grants to select institutions of higher learning and other financial assistance to students.
Our vision is that young people will become active, engaged citizens who ensure a just democracy and sustainable future. Join us during this critical time for American democracy and help shape the next generation of civic leaders.

Learn more about The Andrew Goodman Foundation and available volunteer opportunities. 

The Center for Public Integrity is dedicated to producing original, responsible investigative journalism on issues of public concern. The mission of the Center for Public Integrity is to protect democracy and inspire change using investigative reporting that exposes betrayals of the public trust by powerful interests. To pursue its mission, the Center generates high-quality, accessible investigative reports, databases, and contextual analysis on issues of public importance; disseminates work to journalists, policymakers, scholars, and citizens using a combination of digital, electronic, and print media; and educates, engages, and empowers citizens with the tools and skills they need to hold government and other private institutions accountable.

Learn more about The Center for Public Integrity. 

The Civics Center is dedicated to building the foundations of youth civic engagement and voter participation in high schools through education, organizing, and advocacy. We support student-led, peer-to-peer voter registration and pre-registration efforts in high school communities.

Learn more about The Civics Center and available volunteer opportunities. 

TurnUp is non-profit organization and mobile app that comprises the largest youth-led voter registration and turnout initiative. TurnUp’s 2024 election engagement plans include four integrated programs that work together to increase youth voter registration and turnout: physical registration and turnout drives; relational registration and turnout drives; grassroots organizing; and digital campaigns. TurnUp has Volunteer and Internship positions for high school, college, and recent graduates.

Learn more about TurnUp opportunities to get involved.

VoteRiders is a non-partisan, non-profit organization with a mission to ensure that all citizens are able to exercise their freedom to vote. VoteRiders informs and helps citizens to secure their voter ID as well as inspires and supports organizations, local volunteers, and communities to sustain voter ID education and assistance efforts. VoteRiders offers a variety of volunteer options including virtual and on the ground positions.

Learn more about VoteRiders volunteer positions.

When We All Vote is a leading national, nonpartisan initiative on a mission to change the culture around voting and to increase participation in each and every election by helping to close the race and age gap. Created by Michelle Obama, When We All Vote brings together individuals, institutions, brands, and organizations to register new voters across the country and advance civic education for the entire family and voters of every age to build an informed and engaged electorate for today and generations to come. We empower our supporters and volunteers to take action through voting, advocating for their rights, and holding their elected officials accountable.

Learn more about When We All Vote and available volunteer opportunities. 

JUDJ Newsletter

JUDJ regularly sends supporters newsletters highlighting upcoming events and a round up of important articles and news coverage related to our efforts and issue areas.

August 31, 2026

THIS Wednesday, September 2, 2026, at 5 PM Pacific, we welcome Barbara McQuade who will be in conversation with Henry Weinstein on the topic:

“THE FIX: SAVING AMERICA FROM THE CORRUPTION OF A MOB-STYLE GOVERNMENT” (Register Here).

Barbara McQuade is a professor at the University of Michigan Law School, her alma mater, where she teaches courses in criminal law, criminal procedure, national security, and data privacy. She is also a legal analyst for NBC News and MSNBC, and a co-host of the podcast #SistersInLaw. From 2010 to 2017, McQuade served as U.S Attorney for the Eastern District of Michigan. Ms. McQuade was appointed by President Barack Obama, and was the first woman to serve in her position. 

Henry Weinstein is an Emeritus Professor of Law at the University of California Irvine School of Law, where he became one of the founding faculty members in 2008. Before coming to U.C. Irvine, Henry worked as a journalist for 40 years, including stints with the Wall Street Journal, New York Times, and San Franciso, followed by 30 years at the Los Angeles Times, where he was a local investigative reporter, labor writer, and legal affairs writer. 

New York Times/Opinion

By Lydia Polgreen

August 29, 2026

Identity Politics Wasn’t Supposed to Be Like This

“When people try to call me the establishment, I look at that as a slur, particularly as an African American candidate.”

So spoke David Crowley during the Democratic primary campaign for Wisconsin governor. The candidate of the party’s centrist wing, he took umbrage that in his race against a democratic socialist member of the State Assembly named Francesca Hong, he had frequently been referred to as the candidate of “the establishment.”

On one level, it is not hard to see why he might have been offended. Crowley’s personal history is remarkable. He endured a childhood marked by chaos and poverty: Both his parents became addicted to drugs, and the family was evicted several times. Crowley bootstrapped himself to a very different life, attending college, becoming a community organizer and entering local politics. In 2020, at the age of 33, he was elected executive of Milwaukee County, a region home to almost a million people and the biggest city in the state. Having clinched the Democratic nomination, he stands a chance, at 40, of becoming not only Wisconsin’s first Black governor but also the fourth ever elected in America.

Yet Crowley was, in almost every way, the establishment candidate. Tony Evers, Wisconsin’s two-term Democratic governor, endorsed Crowley as his successor, and moderate Democrats across the state rallied around him in the crowded and chaotic primary. Over the course of the campaign he focused on affordability, like Democrats all over the country, while also staking out moderate positions on issues like guns and health care. He embraced some progressive ideas, but pitched himself as a common-sense problem solver, not a radical. Race aside, he seems to be a talented centrist Democratic candidate who is a good fit for a swing state.

(To continue reading click here)

Bloomberg/Opinion

By The Editorial Board

August 26, 2026

The US Can’t Fake Its Way Out of Fiscal Trouble

The US government, steward of the world’s largest economy, faces a darkening fiscal outlook as sovereign borrowing costs surge. Unfortunately, it seems intent on trying any fix except the one that might help.

In a trend affecting the entire developed world, the yield on the 10-year Treasury note has risen to 4.7%, from 4.4% less than two months ago. The driving forces behind the spike aren’t all bad. For one, rightly or not, investors are increasingly expecting stronger economic growth will put an end to a long period of abnormally low interest rates. Their optimism stems in part from a multi-trillion-dollar artificial-intelligence investment boom that is competing with the US government for capital, putting further pressure on rates. In the classic terminology of cycles, this still seems to be more about greed than fear.

Whatever the reasons, though, the rising borrowing costs are highlighting America’s fiscal fragility. The country’s debts are so large — at about 100% of gross domestic product — that changes in interest rates have an outsized budgetary impact. Interest on debt held by the public is now running at more than $1 trillion, rivaling spending on defense. If sustained, a 30-basis-point increase in borrowing costs would add about another $100 billion — at a time when the trust funds dedicated to two of the government’s most important responsibilities, Social Security and Medicare, are on track to run out in 2032 and 2033, respectively.

When you can’t afford to borrow more, the obvious solution is to borrow less. In America’s case, this would entail striking the difficult political bargain required to reduce the developed world’s largest budget deficit, which stands at more than 6% of GDP. Yet bipartisan efforts to do so have so far gained no traction. To the contrary, the White House and Congress keep finding ways to cut taxes and spend more, including on “election security” and a disastrous war in Iran.

(To continue reading click here)

August 26, 2026

If you missed today’s program featuring David Siegel in conversation with Larry Mantle, you can watch the program at THIS PAST EVENTS LINK. The program will post a few hours after it ends. Starting Thursday morning, you can listen AT THIS PODCAST LINK

On Wednesday, September 2, 2026, at 5 PM Pacific, we welcome Barbara McQuade who will be in conversation with Henry Weinstein on the topic:

“THE FIX: SAVING AMERICA FROM THE CORRUPTION OF A MOB-STYLE GOVERNMENT” (Register Here).

Barbara McQuade is a professor at the University of Michigan Law School, her alma mater, where she teaches courses in criminal law, criminal procedure, national security, and data privacy. She is also a legal analyst for NBC News and MSNBC, and a co-host of the podcast #SistersInLaw. From 2010 to 2017, McQuade served as U.S Attorney for the Eastern District of Michigan. Ms. McQuade was appointed by President Barack Obama, and was the first woman to serve in her position. 

Henry Weinstein is an Emeritus Professor of Law at the University of California Irvine School of Law, where he became one of the founding faculty members in 2008. Before coming to U.C. Irvine, Henry worked as a journalist for 40 years, including stints with the Wall Street Journal, New York Times, and San Franciso, followed by 30 years at the Los Angeles Times, where he was a local investigative reporter, labor writer, and legal affairs writer. 

SLATE/Jurisprudence

By Richard L. Hasen

August 24, 2026

KBJ Warns of a “Kafkaesque Nightmare” After a Pro-Trump Supreme Court Ruling on Mail Voting. We’ll Know Soon Enough.

This March, Donald Trump issued another one of his executive orders trying to assert control over how the country conducts its elections. On Monday, after a long delay, the Supreme Court let the president take a small step forward in implementing its rules, over the objections of the three Democrat-appointed justices. One of those rules would bar the United States Postal Service from delivering mail ballots from states that don’t jump through certain Trump-approved hoops. But for both legal and practical reasons, it is increasingly unlikely that these regulations can actually be put into place before November’s midterms, even if they are found to be legal.

Supreme Court procedures and decisions can be technical and hard to understand, but this case is a doozy. So, to simplify a bit, the executive order directed USPS to issue rules that would bar it from accepting a state’s mail ballots unless the state used certain envelopes with tracked markings on them and produced for USPS a list of citizens eligible to vote. A second part of the order directs the Department of Homeland Security to create its own lists, which would be made available to the states. And a third part threatens Department of Justice prosecution for any election official who knowingly allows noncitizens to get ballots (a practice that is already illegal).

(To continue reading click here)

Washington Post/Opinion

By Max Boot

August 24, 2026

Trump’s bullying has backfired

Might he try persuasion instead?

Whatever else you may say about him, President Donald Trump is a consummate salesman. As former House speaker Newt Gingrich once noted to me, the former real estate tycoon did a brilliant job with his campaign slogan: It wasn’t “Trump for President”; it was “Make America Great Again.” Despite his outsize ego, he kept the focus on the country, not on his own ambition. But Trump’s normally deft marketing touch has deserted him during his second term.

In the CNN Poll of Polls, 36 percent approved of his job performance, while 63 percent disapproved. That’s far below the historical average for presidents. He is even more unpopular abroad — and international disapproval of the president has translated into disapproval of the country he leads. A Pew Research Center poll of 36 countries, conducted earlier this summer, found that 76 percent of respondents had “no confidence” in Trump and 57 percent had an unfavorable opinion of the United States. In most of the countries Pew surveyed, people had a more positive impression of China than of the U.S.

There are many factors that explain the collapse of Trump’s support — he has, after all, pursued unnecessary and unsuccessful policies, ranging from trade wars to his actual war with Iran, that have exacerbated voters’ concerns about “affordability.” What makes it all worse is that Trump makes almost no attempt to win over either domestic or foreign audiences to his views. Instead of cajoling or convincing, he tries to coerce and compel others to do what he wants.

(To continue reading click here)

August 24, 2026

THIS Wednesday, August 26, 2026, at 5 PM Pacific, we welcome David Siegel who will be in conversation with Larry Mantle on the topic:

“ISRAEL’S DIPLOMATIC FUTURE: CRISIS, OPPORTUNITY, AND THE ROLE OF EUROPE (Register Here).

David Siegel, President of European Leadership Network (ELNET),  is a  former Israeli diplomat, having served as Israel’s Consul General to the Southwestern United States.  He also previously has held senior roles in Israel’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs, including Chief of Staff to Israel’s Deputy Foreign Minister and to three Israeli Ambassadors to the United States. Over the last seven years, he has led ELNET, the US arm of the European Leadership Network, which maintains an on-the-ground presence across major European capitals and works to foster relations between Europe and Israel.

Larry Mantle has been the host of AirTalk with Larry Mantle on NPR-member station KPCC, 89.3 FM, since April 1st, 1985.  AirTalk is the longest-running daily talk show in Southern California.

The Hill/Opinion

Liz Peek

August 21, 2026

Polls can mislead: Do your own homework before you vote

Headlines recently touted a new Siena Research Institute poll claiming that Zohran Mamdani, mayor of New York City, enjoys an approval rating of 69 percent.

Am I not talking to the right people? Do such surveys reliably reflect the mood of the electorate?

After big misses from several polls in recent weeks, people are wondering what to believe. Of course, survey failures are nothing new; President Trump has consistently outperformed his polling, causing many supporters to view the entire industry as suspect.

For sure, polling can influence voters. If your candidate is crashing in the polls ahead of an election, you may decide it’s not worth voting — that the outcome is preordained and your vote won’t matter. Or, you may decide against donating to a campaign, not wanting to waste your money.

Remember that one month after his 2024 win, then President-elect Trump sued the Des Moines Register and its former pollster, J. Ann Selzer, for “brazen election interference” over a poll published just days before the election.  

Selzer’s Nov. 2 survey showed Democrat Kamala Harris winning reliably red Iowa by 3 to 4 points — a shocking outlier that received a lot of attention at a critical moment in the campaign. Just days later, Trump won Iowa by 13 points. Although Trump later dropped his lawsuit, many agreed that Selzer’s survey had been intended to shake his supporters’ confidence in a race he was quite clearly winning. She quit her job soon thereafter.

(To continue reading click here)

Wall Street Journal/Opinion

By Peggy Noonan

August 20, 2026

The Art of the Self-Deal

Thoughts on how Trump-era corruption is affecting Americans as a people.

I’m thinking about the deeper effects of governmental corruption in the Trump era, and why it leaves many not only indignant but uneasy. I suspect it’s doing something to us as a people. The thoughts were prompted by a poll this week from Reuters/Ipsos, which Reuters headlined “Most Americans Believe Trump Has Inappropriately Profited Since Returning to Power.” It reported that 69% of respondents see his personal business interests as influencing presidential decisions. Two-thirds of independents, half of Republicans and 9 in 10 Democrats shared that view.

I’m thinking about the deeper effects of governmental corruption in the Trump era, and why it leaves many not only indignant but uneasy. I suspect it’s doing something to us as a people. The thoughts were prompted by a poll this week from Reuters/Ipsos, which Reuters headlined “Most Americans Believe Trump Has Inappropriately Profited Since Returning to Power.” It reported that 69% of respondents see his personal business interests as influencing presidential decisions. Two-thirds of independents, half of Republicans and 9 in 10 Democrats shared that view.

We’ll quickly posit what we mean by Trump-era corruption. I see two general areas, personal enrichment and the use of government to satisfy private goals.

The personal-enrichment part is suggested by recent and frequent reports showing that Mr. Trump’s net worth, and that of his family, has surged dramatically in his second term. This isn’t just wealthy folks seeing their stocks go up: Trump businesses have developed positions in industries over which the administration exercises power.

(To continue reading click here)

August 19, 2026

If you missed today’s program featuring Erwin Chemerinsky in conversation with Patt Morrison, you can watch the program at THIS PAST EVENTS LINK. The program will post a few hours after it ends. Starting Thursday morning, you can listen AT THIS PODCAST LINK

On Wednesday, August 26, 2026, at 5 PM Pacific, we welcome David Siegel who will be in conversation with Larry Mantle on the topic:

“ISRAEL’S DIPLOMATIC FUTURE: CRISIS, OPPORTUNITY, AND THE ROLE OF EUROPE (Register Here).

David Siegel, President of European Leadership Network (ELNET),  is a  former Israeli diplomat, having served as Israel’s Consul General to the Southwestern United States.  He also previously has held senior roles in Israel’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs, including Chief of Staff to Israel’s Deputy Foreign Minister and to three Israeli Ambassadors to the United States. Over the last seven years, he has led ELNET, the US arm of the European Leadership Network, which maintains an on-the-ground presence across major European capitals and works to foster relations between Europe and Israel.

Larry Mantle has been the host of AirTalk with Larry Mantle on NPR-member station KPCC, 89.3 FM, since April 1st, 1985.  AirTalk is the longest-running daily talk show in Southern California.

Washington Post

Theodoric Meyer

August 18, 2026

Backlash in Michigan complicates Democrats’ road to retaking the Senate

The party’s chances may depend on Abdul El-Sayed, who beat Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer’s preferred candidate and has criticized his support for Israel.

Abdul El-Sayed’s victory in Michigan’s Democratic primary has complicated Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer’s plans to help Democrats retake the Senate in November, tying his party’s fortunes to a candidate some Democrats in Michigan say they cannot support — even if it means costing Democrats the Senate majority.

Michigan is crucial for Democrats. The party’s path to a Senate majority relies on holding the state and all of its other current seats, as well as flipping four Republican-held seats — including at least two seats in states that Donald Trump won by double-digit margins in 2024. If El-Sayed loses in Michigan, which Trump carried by less than two points in 2024, Democrats would need to flip a fifth Republican seat in deep-red territory.

Schumer backed Rep. Haley Stevens over El-Sayed in the primary, saying he thought she had a better chance of winning in November. The New York Democrat endorsed El-Sayed after the primary, and the two men have spoken about working together to hold the seat — but they have pronounced differences about Israel.

(To continue reading click here)

The New York Times Magazine

Charles Homans

August 13, 2026

Moderates See Socialists as a Threat to the Democratic Party. Socialists Agree.

Democratic Socialists are capturing more votes than ever before- even as they run up against the limits of their appeal.

It was the Democratic Party’s “Summer of Socialism,” as an email from the Republican National Committee cheerfully called it that morning, and Ashik Siddique, a co-chair of the Democratic Socialists of America, was standing on a chair outside a bar, rallying the comrades.

“Zohran’s race is a big proof of concept,” Siddique told the crowd, which had gathered in Chicago on the last day of July for a D.S.A. organizing summit. Many of the hundred or so members assembled around him had volunteered for the campaign of Zohran Mamdani, the recently elected New York City mayor and D.S.A. stalwart. “We can scale that up all over the country over the next year and a half,” Siddique said.

The D.S.A. is not generally an organization of outsize personalities; its leaders tend to exude a self-effacing, slightly dorky enthusiasm. As Siddique, a 38-year-old former environmental organizer from New York, mustered the troops on the bar patio, he resembled the lead volunteer at a particularly enthusiastic Sunday-afternoon park cleanup event, pointing people to the spare rakes and garbage bags, and not the leader of an organization that was presiding over what has been arguably the most remarkable season in the history of American socialism.

(To continue reading click here)

Washington Post/Opinion

By Fareed Zakaria

August 14, 2026

The Iran war is a master class in squandering a superpower’s credibility

Trump treats promises like bluffs. Allies are responding by building alternatives.

Last week, a minor geopolitical earthquake shook the Middle East. Saudi Arabia and Turkey — two nations that have been openly hostile toward one another for much of the last decade — pledged to go to war in each other’s defense. Along with Pakistan, they signed the Mecca Joint Defense Agreement, declaring, NATO-style, that an attack on one would be treated as an attack on all. Pakistan and Saudi Arabia have long had close security ties. But Saudi Arabia and Turkey have been bitter regional rivals, clashing over Qatar, Egypt, the Muslim Brotherhood and, most explosively, the murder of Jamal Khashoggi in Istanbul, which Turkish leader Recep Tayyip Erdogan appeared to blame directly on the Saudi crown prince, Mohammed bin Salman.

So what brought them together? President Donald Trump — or rather the two countries’ diminishing faith in him and his word.

(To continue reading click here)

August 17, 2026

THIS Wednesday, August 19, 2026, at 5 PM Pacific, we welcome Erwin Chemerinsky who will be in conversation with Patt Morrison on the topic:

“THE SUPREME COURT’S LANDMARK OCTOBER 2025-6 TERM: WHAT IT MEANS FOR AMERICA” (Register Here).

Erwin Chemerinsky became  the 13th Dean of Berkeley Law on July 1, 2017, when he joined the faculty as  the Jesse H. Choper Distinguished Professor of Law. Prior to Berkeley Law, from  2008-2017, Chemerinsky was the founding Dean and Distinguished Professor of  Law, and Raymond Pryke Professor of First Amendment Law, at University of  California, Irvine School of Law, with a joint appointment in Political  Science. A study of legal publications between 2016 and 2020 found Chemerinsky  to be the most frequently cited American legal scholar. Chemerinsky has been named a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. The National Jurist magazine has named him the most influential person in legal education in  the United States

Patt Morrison author,  columnist, and broadcast journalist, has a share of two Pulitzer Prizes as a  longtime Los Angeles Times writer and columnist. As a public television and  radio broadcaster, she has won six Emmys and a dozen Golden Mike awards.

Washington Post/Opinion

By Fareed Zakaria

August 14, 2026

The Iran war is a master class in squandering a superpower’s credibility

Trump treats promises like bluffs. Allies are responding by building alternatives.

Last week, a minor geopolitical earthquake shook the Middle East. Saudi Arabia and Turkey — two nations that have been openly hostile toward one another for much of the last decade — pledged to go to war in each other’s defense. Along with Pakistan, they signed the Mecca Joint Defense Agreement, declaring, NATO-style, that an attack on one would be treated as an attack on all. Pakistan and Saudi Arabia have long had close security ties. But Saudi Arabia and Turkey have been bitter regional rivals, clashing over Qatar, Egypt, the Muslim Brotherhood and, most explosively, the murder of Jamal Khashoggi in Istanbul, which Turkish leader Recep Tayyip Erdogan appeared to blame directly on the Saudi crown prince, Mohammed bin Salman.

So what brought them together? President Donald Trump — or rather the two countries’ diminishing faith in him and his word.

The Iran war has been a master class in how to squander credibility. Recall that Saudi Arabia and Qatar both received security commitments from Trump only last year. But Trump’s word is as solid with his counterparts abroad as it was with his bankers in New York. He has repeatedly declared that a deal with Tehran was just days away. By mid-June, one tally counted at least 38 pronouncements that a deal was near or that Iran desperately wanted one. Yet this week an Iranian source told Reuters that negotiations have made “absolutely no progress.” The world has learned to treat his Truth Social announcements as a mix of fact and fiction, like some of the AI-generated videos he posts.

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Substack/The Contrarian

By Jennifer Rubin

August 13, 2026

Democrats’ Big Tent Bodes Well for November

MAGA is stuck with radical, unpopular nominees.

The primaries in Wisconsin and Minnesota and a special Republican Senate election in South Carolina held on Tuesday demonstrated that Democrats are coalescing around a theme of economic populism and reform, while Republicans are struggling to figure out how to please their overlord Donald Trump without getting blown out in November.

In Wisconsin, current Governor Tony Evers helped ensure he will have a Democratic successor. Democratic Socialist Francesca Hong appeared to open a lead in late polling in the race. But — as in Michigan — we learned that primary polling with fast-moving shifts in voter sentiment and highly partisan respondents (who can be mis-sampled based on enthusiasm of activists) is a dicey business.

Unlike a batch of successful progressives (for example, Democratic Michigan Senate nominee Abdul El-Sayed), Hong is an avowed socialist. She also left a string of questionable statements and extreme positions in her wake (forcing her to walk back stances on everything from abolishing the police to condemning Thanksgiving) that kept even progressive kingmakers like Sen. Bernie Sanders (I-VT) from endorsing her. The prospect of blowing a key governorship prompted Evers to lure back into the race David Crowley, the serious, low-key Milwaukee County executive, and help him eke out a narrow victory. Democrats made history by nominating Wisconsin’s first Black governor, if Crowley prevails.

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August 12, 2026

If you missed today’s program featuring Mary Ziegler in conversation with Madeleine Brand, you can watch the program at THIS PAST EVENTS LINK. The program will post a few hours after it ends. Starting Thursday morning, you can listen AT THIS PODCAST LINK

On Wednesday, August 19, 2026, at 5 PM Pacific, we welcome Erwin Chemerinsky who will be in conversation with Patt Morrison on the topic:

“THE SUPREME COURT’S LANDMARK OCTOBER 2025-6 TERM: WHAT IT MEANS FOR AMERICA” (Register Here).

Erwin Chemerinsky became  the 13th Dean of Berkeley Law on July 1, 2017, when he joined the faculty as  the Jesse H. Choper Distinguished Professor of Law. Prior to Berkeley Law, from  2008-2017, Chemerinsky was the founding Dean and Distinguished Professor of  Law, and Raymond Pryke Professor of First Amendment Law, at University of  California, Irvine School of Law, with a joint appointment in Political  Science. A study of legal publications between 2016 and 2020 found Chemerinsky  to be the most frequently cited American legal scholar. Chemerinsky has been named a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. The National Jurist magazine has named him the most influential person in legal education in  the United States

Patt Morrison author,  columnist, and broadcast journalist, has a share of two Pulitzer Prizes as a  longtime Los Angeles Times writer and columnist. As a public television and  radio broadcaster, she has won six Emmys and a dozen Golden Mike awards.

New York Times/Opinion

By Thomas B. Edsall

August 11, 2026

Trump Is Trapped in a Maelstrom of His Own Making

As of January, President Trump’s stubborn insistence on a beggar-thy-neighbor trade policy had already cost American consumers $200 billion, and it is projected to cost at least $330 billion more this year, according to the Democratic staff of the Joint Economic Committee of Congress. This policy, if that’s the right word, has also added up to at least $166 billion in direct costs for thousands of U.S. businesses, which the government is now in the process of refunding.

The damage doesn’t stop there.

The Tax Foundation estimates that Trump’s tariffs will cost the equivalent of 367,000 full-time jobs in hours worked.

As is so often the case with the Trump administration, there may well be motives unrelated to the nation’s interest for the tariffs, which strengthened the administration politically by allowing it to grant special favors to donors and close allies.

In a July 2025 Wired article, “Trump’s Commerce Secretary Loves Tariffs. His Former Investment Bank Is Taking Bets Against Them,” Louise Matsakis and Zoë Schiffer disclosed that “a subsidiary of Cantor Fitzgerald, which is run by the sons of U.S. commerce secretary Howard Lutnick, is letting clients essentially bet that President Donald Trump’s tariffs will be struck down in court.”

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Washington Post/Opinion

By Max Boot

August 10, 2026

Why Trump’s erratic approach to the Iran war is guaranteed to fail

Trump undermines his own threats and sabotages his own negotiations. 

The unnecessary war with Iran continues to drag on, with no end in sight, more than five months after it started. There are many reasons for this quagmire, but a significant part of the explanation is President Donald Trump’s schizophrenic approach. He veers between conciliation and confrontation, alternatingly praising Iranian leaders as “very rational people” and denouncing them as “scum” — with metronomic regularity.

At least seven times since the start of the war, Trump has vowed to launch devastating attacks before announcing that he was instead giving talks another chance. Most recently, on Aug. 1, he wrote on social media that “the U.S.A. is locked and loaded and ready to go against the Islamic Republic of Iran, at levels of Military Terror, Strength, and Power not seen since World War II,” but that he would “hold off any attack” because “the perimeters of a deal has been agreed to.” (Presumably he meant “parameters.”)

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Washington Post/Opinion

By Fareed Zakaria

August 7, 2026

Democrats need to face their real liability

The party needs to show moderate voters that it can be trusted on cultural issues.

Democrats are facing a dilemma and Michigan’s Senate primary perfectly illustrated it. Abdul El-Sayed, the charismatic progressive, defeated Rep. Haley Stevens, the establishment-backed moderate. The energy was unquestionably with El-Sayed. But a Washington Post analysis finds his support was concentrated in the state’s most educated counties and college towns; Stevens did better in many rural and lower-income areas. The dilemma: The left has the passion, but the middle still has the votes Democrats need to win in general elections.

The progressive answer is that Democrats can solve this by becoming more economically populist — attacking billionaires, expanding benefits and thus appealing to the working class. But these ideas don’t appeal to the actual working class. Among Democrats, a Pew survey shows 41 percent of college graduates say they like politicians who call themselves democratic socialists, compared with only 26 percent of those without degrees. Upper-income Democrats are also much more favorable toward democratic socialists than lower-income Democrats, 40 percent to 24 percent.

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August 10, 2026

This Wednesday, August 12, 2026, at 5 PM Pacific, we welcome Mary Ziegler who will be in conversation with Madeleine Brand on the topic: “WHO DECIDES? REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS, DEMOCRACY, AND THE FUTURE OF AMERICA” (Register Here).

Mary Ziegler is a Professor of Law at the University of California, Davis School of Law and a leading legal historian specializing in the struggle over reproductive health policy in the United States from 1945 to the present. A 2023 Guggenheim Fellow, she is recognized as one of the foremost authorities on the history of the U.S. abortion debate. She is the author of seven books on reproductive rights and the law. Her latest work, “Personhood: The New Civil War over Reproduction,” was published in May 2025. 

Madeleine Brand is an American broadcast journalist and radio host with more than three decades of experience in public media. She currently hosts Press Play, an award-winning daily news and culture program on KCRW-FM in Los Angeles, where she explores national, international, and local issues.

Washington Post/Opinion

By Fareed Zakaria

August 7, 2026

Democrats need to face their real liability

The party needs to show moderate voters that it can be trusted on cultural issues.

Democrats are facing a dilemma and Michigan’s Senate primary perfectly illustrated it. Abdul El-Sayed, the charismatic progressive, defeated Rep. Haley Stevens, the establishment-backed moderate. The energy was unquestionably with El-Sayed. But a Washington Post analysis finds his support was concentrated in the state’s most educated counties and college towns; Stevens did better in many rural and lower-income areas. The dilemma: The left has the passion, but the middle still has the votes Democrats need to win in general elections.

The progressive answer is that Democrats can solve this by becoming more economically populist — attacking billionaires, expanding benefits and thus appealing to the working class. But these ideas don’t appeal to the actual working class. Among Democrats, a Pew survey shows 41 percent of college graduates say they like politicians who call themselves democratic socialists, compared with only 26 percent of those without degrees. Upper-income Democrats are also much more favorable toward democratic socialists than lower-income Democrats, 40 percent to 24 percent.

Democrats have spent years dreaming of a working-class restoration. President Joe Biden mounted the largest effort to court them with economics in decades. His administration poured hundreds of billions of dollars into infrastructure, factories, clean energy and semiconductors, much of it flowing to Republican counties. Yet in the next election, 2024, Donald Trump won voters without college degrees and those earning less than $50,000 while making gains among working-class Hispanic and Black voters. Over the last 30 years, the Democrats have moved left on economics — Obama was to the left of Clinton, and Biden was to the left of Obama — and in that same period, the working class has steadily abandoned the party.

The lesson is not that economics don’t matter. But the Democratic Party’s problem is not that it is seen as too centrist on economics. Democrats routinely lead Republicans on issues like health care and, even now, the cost of living. Their liabilities are cultural and social issues — crime, immigration, the border and the “woke” agenda. One example: According to a poll by the Argument, among voters who disapproved of Trump but still leaned toward voting Republican, the GOP led on trust over crime 47 percent to 1 percent.

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August 5, 2026

If you missed today’s program featuring Theo Baker in conversation with Larry Mantle, you can watch the program at THIS PAST EVENTS LINK. The program will post a few hours after it ends. Starting Thursday morning, you can listen AT THIS PODCAST LINK

 

You can find Theo Baker’s Bestseller #1 book here: “How to Rule the World: An Education in Power at Stanford University

On Wednesday, August 12, 2026, at 5 PM Pacific, we welcome Mary Ziegler who will be in conversation with Madeleine Brand on the topic: “WHO DECIDES? REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS, DEMOCRACY, AND THE FUTURE OF AMERICA” (Register Here).

Mary Ziegler is a Professor of Law at the University of California, Davis School of Law and a leading legal historian specializing in the struggle over reproductive health policy in the United States from 1945 to the present. A 2023 Guggenheim Fellow, she is recognized as one of the foremost authorities on the history of the U.S. abortion debate. She is the author of seven books on reproductive rights and the law. Her latest work, “Personhood: The New Civil War over Reproduction,” was published in May 2025. 

Madeleine Brand is an American broadcast journalist and radio host with more than three decades of experience in public media. She currently hosts Press Play, an award-winning daily news and culture program on KCRW-FM in Los Angeles, where she explores national, international, and local issues.

Foreign Affairs

Peter Salisbury, Wolf-Christian Paes, and Henry Thompson

August 5, 2026

How the Axis of Resistance Recovered

The Iranian-Led Network Is More Dangerous Than Ever

As the United States’ five-month-old war with Iran continues to evolve, Tehran’s ability to continue punishing the United States and its allies has come as a surprise to many strategists and analysts. For months, the United States and Israel have intermittently pummeled the country with air strikes, decapitating much of its senior leadership. Yet Iran and its regional allies have proved remarkably dogged: Hezbollah remains a threat despite Israel’s blistering campaign in southern Lebanon, Iran-backed Iraqi militias have attacked Gulf oil and gas infrastructure, and the Houthis in Yemen have restarted their campaign against commercial ships in the Red Sea.

In fact, the resilience of both the Islamic Republic and its partners despite years of apparent setbacks points to an underlying flaw in the thinking that led to the conflict. In launching the campaign against Iran in late February, the United States and Israel were drawing on a theory pushed by American regime-change advocates and Israeli strategists for years: by targeting the Islamic Republic’s economy, its leadership, weapons facilities, and central supply lines with military force and economic sanctions, Washington could fatally undermine the Iranian regime. In doing so, it would also deal a decisive blow to the regime’s allies. Sever the head of the octopus in Tehran, the theory went, and the axis groups—the octopus’s many arms—would shrivel and die, too.

(To continue reading click here)

New York Times/Opinion

By David French

August 2, 2026

The War That Could Swallow the World

The only thing worse than President Trump starting an unconstitutional war is Trump losing control of that war.

On Wednesday, NBC News reported that Trump “erupted” at members of his national security team over the Iran war. According to the report, his advisers can’t agree on a path forward. But how could they? Every path to victory risks dangerous escalation, while continuing the present course risks strategic defeat.

This was always the most likely outcome. The president chose to take on a much more powerful country than, say, Saddam Hussein’s Iraq in 2003 while using far less force than we employed to topple the Iraqi government.

What did he expect would happen?

(To continue reading click here)

Bloomberg Opinion

Noah Feldman

August 2, 2026

Populists Have Always Hated the Senate. How Does It Survive?

As the Democratic Socialists of America bash the Senate, calling for its abolition, many Republicans and conservatives are bashing the DSA, for daring to question James Madison’s constitutional design. Surprisingly, both are partly right.

Madison certainly planned for a Senate to be composed of the wisest and most nonpartisan men the United States could produce. But he expected the Senate to be apportioned based on the population of each state, the way the House of Representatives is. He viewed a Senate that gave the voters of tiny states wildly disproportionate power over voters from big states as a distortion of republicanism.

Madison’s constitutional plans for the Senate were foiled. Exactly how it happened is a timely reminder of how the unrepresentative nature of America’s constitutional system is a both a bug and a feature of our democracy.

(To continue reading click here)

August 3, 2026

This Wednesday, August 5, 2026, at 5 PM Pacific, we welcome Theo Baker who will be in conversation with Larry Mantle on the topic: “WHO GETS TO RULE THE FUTURE? POWER, PRIVILEGE & THE MAKING OF AMERICA” (Register Here).

Theo Baker graduated from Stanford University in June 2026. While a student at Stanford, he was a reporter and editor of the Stanford Daily. Theo’s reporting led to the resignation of the then-president of Stanford University and made Baker the youngest-ever recipient of the prestigious George Polk Award. Baker is the author of “How to Rule the World: An Education in Power at Stanford University,” an acclaimed examination of elite institutions, influence, and the making of tomorrow’s leaders. Theo is the son of Susan Glasser of The New Yorker and Peter Baker of the NY Times.

Larry Mantle has been the host of AirTalk with Larry Mantle on NPR-member station KPCC, 89.3 FM, since April 1st, 1985.  AirTalk is the longest-running daily talk show in Southern California.

From Theo Baker, winner of the George Polk Award for his investigation that brought down Stanford’s president, comes a revelatory and gripping account of Silicon Valley hubris.

Slush funds. Shell companies. Yacht parties. This is life for Silicon Valley’s favored teenagers.

Seventeen-year-old Theo Baker showed up for freshman year at Stanford University as a tech-obsessed coder. It seemed like paradise. There were Rodin sculptures next to nuclear laboratories and inventors lounging with Olympians. But Baker soon discovered a culture that embraced corner-cutting, that vested infinite excess and access in the hands of kids with few safeguards to catch bad behavior.

To purchase book, click on THIS LINK

Foreign Affairs

Dana Stroul

June 16, 2026

The Middle East Power Paradox

How the Iran War Will Transform America’s Military Role

Throughout the U.S.-Israeli war on Iran, Washington has relished the display of its conventional military superiority. President Donald Trump’s administration has boasted of its quantitative achievements: before the April 8 cease-fire, the United States alone flew more than 10,000 air sorties, hit over 130,000 targets, and intercepted 1,700 Iranian missiles and drones. According to U.S. Central Command, the campaign demolished more than 85 percent of the facilities that Tehran used to produce missiles and drones, sank the majority of Iran’s naval vessels, and eliminated 70 percent of its missile launch infrastructure.

But degrading Iran’s military capabilities was not the broad strategic goal Trump laid out in the early days of Operation Epic Fury. He variously promised to achieve the complete surrender of the regime, to protect the Iranian people from their leaders’ brutality, to rid the region of Iran’s malign influence entirely, and to wrest a better nuclear deal from Tehran than the one U.S. President Barack Obama reached in 2015. All these aims remain elusive. The regime in Tehran survived. And it has cleverly adapted toward an attrition strategy that has badly strained the U.S. arsenal, threatened civilian infrastructure across the Middle East, and added a new dimension of power projection by effectively closing the Strait of Hormuz and pressuring the global economy.

Although the U.S. military’s approach to the region has delivered many operational successes, the Iran war has exposed its serious shortcomings and created new challenges. As it demonstrated an unmatched ability to rapidly deploy massive air and sea power, the Pentagon also deepened its relationships with Middle Eastern militaries, especially with the Israeli armed forces, with which it fought its first truly joint campaign since World War II. But Washington’s tactical successes could not make up for its strategic missteps. Its failure to build a fighting coalition beforehand—or even to make the case on the global stage that Iran had become an imminent threat—left it struggling to build international consensus to confront Iran’s asymmetric tactics and finalize a strong postwar deal. And the conflict dangerously ran down the U.S. arsenal. The United States simply cannot afford to fight another war like this one.

(To continue reading click here)

Bloomberg Opinion

Noah Feldman

August 2, 2026

Populists Have Always Hated the Senate. How Does It Survive?

As the Democratic Socialists of America bash the Senate, calling for its abolition, many Republicans and conservatives are bashing the DSA, for daring to question James Madison’s constitutional design. Surprisingly, both are partly right.

Madison certainly planned for a Senate to be composed of the wisest and most nonpartisan men the United States could produce. But he expected the Senate to be apportioned based on the population of each state, the way the House of Representatives is. He viewed a Senate that gave the voters of tiny states wildly disproportionate power over voters from big states as a distortion of republicanism.

Madison’s constitutional plans for the Senate were foiled. Exactly how it happened is a timely reminder of how the unrepresentative nature of America’s constitutional system is a both a bug and a feature of our democracy.

The idea of a bicameral legislature was already old by the time it was incorporated into the Virginia plan that was introduced near the outset of the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in the summer of 1787. In the mother country, the House of Commons was elected. The House of Lords was hereditary, although the Crown could always create new peers.

In a constitutional monarchy such as the United Kingdom’s of the late 18th century, the theory behind bicameralism was that the two houses represented different segments of the population: ordinary people and aristocrats. Madison was enough of a believer in the Jeffersonian ideal of citizens’ equality to reject the notion of separate houses to represent each class. But he still believed there was a benefit in having two legislative houses — not because they would represent different kinds of leaders, but because he expected their composition to be different.

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